What Is Meant by the Term Postmodern Family?

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An MIT Campus, example of postmodern architecture

Postmodernism is a cluster of philosophical, literary, cultural, and art movements which adult in the mid-20^th century. It developed out of criticisms of modernist architecture and connected into philosophical criticisms of modernism and disillusionment which resulted amid European philosophers on the political left following World War II, when the totalitarian communist governments of Eastern Europe became increasingly unable to conceal their misbehavior, and a search began for a new kind of left-fly oppositional philosophy. On the other manus, the greatest postmodern artist came from Pittsburgh. While the term "postmodernism" is incredibly wide, this article mainly concerns the postmodern philosophical movement.

Postmodernism is, per its name, a reaction to modernism. Wherever a postmodernist feels something could reasonably exist reacted confronting, they react; this means that it's not one coherent thing in itself and that it does non react to ane coherent thing. Hence, a lot of it is difficult to understand unless you understand what it's a reaction to. Postmodernism is not purely cultural: it is associated with the contemporary economic organisation known as tardily commercialism, consumer capitalism, or neo-capitalism, whose features include multinational corporations, mass media, the modern arrangement of global finance, and consumption equally a form of self-definition.^{[1] [ii]} For those critics opposed to modern capitalism, there are two culling perspectives on postmodernism: information technology is either a reflection of all the flaws of superficial, irrational, cruel, and unsustainable contemporary commercialism, or else a powerful claiming to that flawed organisation.

Contrary to what various rationalists say and its baroque identify as the intellectual boogeyman of the new millennium, postmodernism is non composed entirely of bullshit — information technology tin can be a useful approach when considering social phenomena and artistic works, that is to say, human "culture." Humans are ridiculously total of shit, and postmodernism can be useful in pointing that out. Yet, equally information technology lacks any unified or consistent method, postmodernism's own bullshit-to-reality quotient rises high when applied to empirically-based endeavors east.yard., science. In addition, postmodernists tend to reject objective reality as something that tin can be known past human beings, because human being minds and languages always stand up in the way.^[3]

Contents

• ane Definition, French provenance
  • ane.1 Modernity vs. postmodernity
  • one.two Who is a postmodernist?
  • ane.three Structuralism, Post-Structuralism, Deconstruction
• 2 Utility
• iii Common criticisms
  • 3.1 Courtier's Respond
  • 3.2 Religious and political
  • 3.three Chomsky
  • 3.4 Kangaroos in court
  • iii.v Enabling and defending pedophilia
• iv Rocky relationship to science
  • four.1 Sokal affair
  • iv.two Enabling pseudoscience
• 5 See besides
• vi External links
• 7 Bibliography
• 8 Notes
• 9 References

Definition, French provenance [edit]

" "We be in different epistemological paradigms, fuckpants!

—SMBC Theater [iv]

Defining postmodernism is difficult, but the term generally refers to a set of methods used by those who place every bit postmodern. The work of various French intellectuals gave rise to the movement: the philosopher Jacques Derrida, the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan.

Postmodernists have in common the merits that the meaning of whatever text (where the term 'text' is taken to mean any organisation of significant of representation) is constructed contextually and is contingent. This approach emphasizes the fractured and heterogeneous nature of the social, natural and literary worlds; in exercise, the inherent presumptions and concepts which underlie any ideological organization are identified and criticized. Additionally, the historical and cultural contexts in which cognition is produced are examined and often rejected.

Modernity vs. postmodernity [edit]

Another common definition is that it rejects "central narratives" and relies instead on methodological pluralism. Postmodernists define themselves against "modernity" (itself conceived every bit an extension of the Enlightenment, ultimately to the point of reacting confronting information technology) by rejecting m theories that effort to "totalize" knowledge. Postmodernists reject teleological and deterministic explanations of historical and social phenomena. This was a reaction to the popularity of deterministic theories in scholarly thought in general during the 19th and early 20^th centuries. Examples of historical determinism included the conceptions of a linear progression of societies from pocket-sized hunter-gatherer bands to "civilized" states in anthropological thought or from capitalism to communism in Marxist idea. Applications of biological determinism to social policy, such as scientific racism and eugenics, were also (at some point in time) included in modernist thought.^[5]

Postmodernism generally identifies the central narrative of modernity to be the promise of progress and the awarding and primacy of reason. The postmodern critique identifies several issues with this:

• Uncertainty that progress tin exist defined meaningfully, and thus a rejection of the notion of progress.
• Rejection of the idea that everything tin be meaningfully quantified and optimized in a rational fashion. Focus on the procedure of rationalization (in the sociological sense).
• The tendency for applications of science to lapse into scientism.
• Ethnocentric conceptions of the world.
• Failure of science and technology to equate to social progress, supposedly somehow evidenced by the two Earth Wars and the Common cold War.

Jürgen Habermas, a critic of postmodernism, argued that modernity should non exist rejected wholesale, merely that parts of the postmodern critique be incorporated into information technology.^[vi]

Who is a postmodernist? [edit]

The coinage of the term "postmodern" appears in the title of Jean-Francois Lyotard's The Postmodern Condition (1979), a criticism of "meta-narratives." Even so, many thinkers labeled "postmodernist" themselves declaim the term. Michel Foucault, for example, though strongly associated with postmodernism by other scholars, rejected the term as a self-descriptor.^[7] Thus, the line is fairly blurry (no doubt to the delight of postmodernists) between who merely influenced postmodernism and who was a postmodernist. Philosophers who attacked logical positivism are sometimes lumped in with postmodernism. Thomas Kuhn, for example, is oft grouped in with this school of thought though he claimed his work was widely misinterpreted to imply radical skepticism or total relativism. Karl Popper and late-catamenia Ludwig Wittgenstein^[8] (whose earlier work was ironically an influence on the logical positivists), however, while seen as influences, are generally not regarded to exist part of the postmodernist school while Paul Feyerabend, whose initial works were published before the coinage of the term, is. Some of the most important work on postmodernism was done by writers from a Marxist perspective such as David Harvey and Fredric Jameson, ^{[ix] [10]} who are sometimes lumped in with postmodernism despite offer a critique of it as an artistic, economic, and social phenomenon deeply influenced by the capitalism they detest.^[eleven]

Furthermore, figures and concepts influencing postmodernism are sometimes confused with being products of postmodernist thought itself. A general trend of counter-Enlightenment thought was codified in the 20^th century past Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno in their Dialectic of Enlightenment, which was a seminal piece of work of the Frankfurt School. The concept of "rationalization" comes from the work of Max Weber, who published most of his writing more than a half-century before postmodernism. Richard Rorty attempted to distinguish the political views of postmodernists (part of the "disquisitional left") from other leftists (the "progressive left") in Achieving Our Country.

Again ironically, biological determinism and essentialism, major targets of postmodernism, were initially challenged within evolutionary theory starting with Charles Darwin himself, while the notions of teleology and evolutionary "progress" tended to appear more frequently in popular and political formulations of evolution.

Structuralism, Post-Structuralism, Deconstruction [edit]

Postmodernism, particularly in France, is linked to three other intellectual movements such that it can be difficult to disentangle the three, although elements of all of them are associated with postmodernism.^[12]

Structuralism arose in the late 1950s or early 1960s with figures such as Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, and Michel Foucault. Heavily influenced by Ferdinand de Saussure and linguistics and the developing discipline of semiotics/semiology, they rejected deeper meanings and considered that just as language was a system of arbitrary signs (there'southward nothing doglike about the discussion "canis familiaris" or "chien" or whatever), perhaps other aspects of society were likewise. This meant a new arroyo to disciplines similar anthropology which focused on classification and mapping relationships, rather than pursuing deeper meaning.

Poststructuralism was a reaction to the limitations of structuralism, and saw that all the supposedly stable sign systems of structuralism were really constantly changing and always allow something slip. Although it was defined in opposition to structuralism, the boundaries are a bit fuzzier than that would suggest, and some figures similar Barthes were linked with both movements. It shared with structuralism a certain condone or fifty-fifty disbelief in whatever earth across signs; it additionally believed that even signs couldn't be taken for granted. Primal figures include Jacques Derrida, and the duo of Deleuze and Guattari. Much of what was originally called poststructuralism was afterwards appropriated by the label postmodernism, even if many of its practitioners (e.chiliad. Derrida) reject the latter term.

Deconstructionism was a poststructuralist practice largely associated with Jacques Derrida, which sought to expose the contradictions in sign systems through close assay (and improvident rhetoric). For Derrida and followers, this meant attacking manifestly stable uses of linguistic communication, often for political purposes to claiming or ignominy earlier writers' claims to truth. Other thinkers similar Paul De Man attempted to meld deconstructionism with the Anglo-Saxon practise of shut reading, a form of literary criticism, to try to provide intellectual rigor to the study of literature.^[13] With its attacks on truth, deconstructionism is considered central to postmodernism, even though it was only a minor office of the wide range of postmodern writing and idea, and the term deconstruction expanded to hateful almost any form of criticism or return to first principles regardless of its intellectual framework.

Utility [edit]

There is a marked tendency to dismiss postmodernism as existence useless — a sort of empty set of theories bearded with opaque jargon. Just postmodernism is at its heart a theory based around the essential subjectivity (rather than objectivity) of our words and the rules we construct to govern our knowledge. And a serious investigation into the nature of postmodernism reveals that this theory has much to offering us, with its fruits being greater than the nihilistic negation which is often ascribed.

In some respects, the blithe contempt of critics is justified. When some effort to use postmodern tools to evaluate the objective sciences, such as physics and biology, they seldom find much worth the reading. While these disciplines are leap by some arbitrary rules and closeted by language in some ways, the problems of these strictures are seldom disregarded past scientists. Taxonomy, for instance, is an unabridged system of partially-capricious classifications, only taxonomists are keenly aware of this and constantly advise changes to compensate: the newfound legibility of the genome has forced large revisions to the tree of life, and provides a surer sieve to distinguish and reject the products of convergent evolution. Just postmodernism critiques subjective aspects of our noesis, and incidents like the Sokal affair illustrate how little useful cloth in that location is to be establish in the subjective investigation of objective science.

In the humanities and social sciences, however, postmodernism can prove a highly effective and insightful theory. The perception that it clears the theoretical table with a sweep of the arm and says, "Well, this was all actually goose egg," is not authentic. Rather, information technology specializes in looking at the way in which nosotros arrive at conclusions, and how these conclusions are congenital from materials that are ultimately shaky.

The report of Arthurian literature is an excellent instance. For many years, literary theorists had examined the various Arthurian works by Malory, Chrétien de Troyes, and others, looking for the urtext.^{[note 1]} The idea was that there was a single Arthurian source, which gave the essentials of some of the stories or of the hero himself. Many people had taken ane side or another over the years, arguing for the predominance of one thought of Arthur or the fact that a particular folktale preceded some other in history. Simply postmodernist Jean Baudrillard pointed out that this was a search based on the fake premise that there had to be an urtext. It was the postmodern approach that suggested this to him.

Postmodernism suggests that any given word or set of meanings derives from an imprecise definition in terms of other meanings, which are themselves imprecise. This endless circle of houses-upon-sand was called différance by Jacques Derrida, the founder of postmodernism. And this approach led Baudrillard to realize that the Arthurian stories might have evolved in a similar style, absent-minded whatsoever single dominant source.

Where postmodernism runs into trouble is when the difficulty of creating a precise and unbiased set of meanings is taken to the point of nihilism, either explicitly or implicitly. It is worth noting that many, indeed about, major postmodernist thinkers accept been highly politically involved, and accept not acted in a manner consistent with nihilism. One major explanation for this miracle is Gayatri Spivak'southward idea of "strategic essentialism," which accepts the need to create constructs of knowledge in specific applied situations. Postmodernism, in its best grade, should be understood not as proverb that nothing is true or that all meaning is arbitrary — rather it should exist understood as noting that pregnant and truth are decumbent to shifts and redefinitions over time based on circumstances.

Any good writer of fiction needs a working cognition of postmodernism, whether they utilise that word for information technology or not.^[fourteen]

Common criticisms [edit]

" " History: The imaginary elaboration being the language through which the utterer of a discourse (linguistic entity) fills out the identify of subject of the utterance (psychological and ideological entity)?
Translation: The way people say stuff.

Near criticism of postmodernism focuses on a perceived lack of substance in postmodern thinking, or on what critics consider central philosophic flaws in postmodern thinking. Unfortunately, for every reasonable and brainy criticism of postmodernism, there is some other hysterical attack from ignorance.

Courtier's Respond [edit]

" " John Searle once told me about a chat he had with the late Michel Foucault: "Michel, you're so articulate in chat; why is your written work so obscure?" To which Foucault replied, "That'south because, in club to be taken seriously by French philosophers, twenty-5 percent of what you write has to exist impenetrable nonsense." I have coined a term for this tactic, in honour of Foucault's candor: eumerdification.

—Daniel C. Dennett, from Breaking the Spell [fifteen]

While postmodernist themes in literature — which tend towards the surreal — have proven to be quite successful amidst writers, the postmodernist philosophy has long suffered from the problem of being extremely difficult to nail down in concrete terms. Its supporters merits that one must exist thoroughly versed in the traditions of Western philosophy to even begin to understand the jargon commonly used by postmodernist writers. To their mode of thinking, earlier one can be "postal service", one must sympathise the "modernism" against which they define themselves.

In contrast, its detractors suggest that supporters' inability (or refusal) to make their points in articulate language is simply an effort to hibernate a potentially embarrassing lack of substance. This amounts to a suggestion that postmodernists are giving a Courtier's Reply — "Well, you but don't understand!" There is no doubt that this is at least partially true; postmodernism has been strongly influenced by late-20^th century French philosophical schools of thought, where strong emphasis is given to rhetorical style and form as integral elements of an argument, and practices such as academic referencing are sometimes sidelined every bit unwieldy in favour of citationality, the practice of alluding obliquely to or carefully appropriating the work of others while anticipating recognition on the part of dedicated students.

Pivotal postmodern figures such every bit Jacques Derrida present a style of writing that is almost incomprehensible without great familiarity, such is its density of jargon and rhetorical uniqueness. Here, for example, is a quotation taken from Of Grammatology, in which the writer stresses (after a multipage discussion of the differences in arroyo betwixt Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ferdinand de Saussure, and Louis Hjelmslev ) the fact that the cardinal relativity of linguistic communication apply is demonstrated past the always-historically-evolving nature of linguistic usages in relation to each other:

" "On the one paw, the phonic element, the term, the plenitude that is chosen sensible, would not appear as such without the difference or opposition which gives them class. Such is the virtually evident significance of the appeal to difference as the reduction of phonic substance. Here the actualization and functioning of difference presupposes an originary synthesis not preceded by whatever absolute simplicity. Such would be the originary trace. Without a retention in the minimal unit of temporal experience, without a trace retaining the other every bit other in the same, no difference would do its piece of work and no meaning would announced.

—Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology

Without familiarity with Rousseau, Saussure, and Hjemslev, and out of context, the paragraph is nearly bulletproof. There is, of class, virtually always a necessity for specialized jargon in any bookish sub-field, to refer to common concepts or hard ideas in a convenient way. Biologists, for example, must assume in their professional journals that their readers share at least a biological science major's grasp of many phenomena and facts.^{[note 2]} Just at sure levels, writing that is heavily laden with obscure, esoteric concepts and phrases becomes merely an incestuous exercise in intellectual masturbation in which just the initiated can participate, providing trivial that is useful exterior of the jargon-speaking group, if it provides anything of full general use at all.

Religious and political [edit]

Postmodernism is a major bogeyman among wingnuts. It'southward generally used interchangeably with moral relativism, Marxism, socialism, and various other terms "pointy-headed academics" like to throw around. The general idea is that postmodernism leads to "moral abuse" by undermining biblical morality.^[16] This is also supposedly office of liberal academia's surreptitious indoctrination camps. The characterization is thus slung at academics whether they are actually postmodernists or not.^[17]

Conservatives' stated opposition to postmodernism is ironic, given that they themselves have been accused of employing it against fields of study that they don't similar. French postmodernist Bruno Latour has noted, for instance, how many strains of global warming denialism often resemble postmodernism in their attacks on the credibility of climatologists, something that led him to regret his interest in popularizing and then-chosen "science studies" and debate that he and other social theorists need to brand a better effort at embracing empiricism.^[18] Equally noted beneath, creationists have also whole-heartedly embraced postmodernist styles and tactics in their "critiques" of evolution.

Chomsky [edit]

Left-wing intellectual Noam Chomsky has frequently criticized postmodernism^[nineteen] and described information technology as a "rot" from Paris that spread everywhere and claimed that it was "very inflated" and "plow[s] out to exist truism" in one case its ideas were reproduced "in monosyllables". He concedes that it would probably do no impairment in "Paris cafés or [the] Yale comparative literature department", but has stressed repeatedly its detrimental upshot on activism, peculiarly in 3rd Earth countries.^{[20] [21]}

Kangaroos in court [edit]

While postmodernism is often considered relatively harmless when only applied to the arts, many of its adherents have difficulties with not proselytizing its worldview outside of this area. Some (arguably more extreme) postmodernists take attempted to influence police, leading to insane interesting attempts to declare the Enlightenment footing for autonomous law to be a racist plot amongst white men, intended to maintain their power — all the while claiming that rationalism is non a sound basis for deciding verdicts.^[22] Instead, they posit that law should be based around an addled attempt to employ subjectivity to information technology, using narratives and stories to influence outcomes.

Enabling and defending pedophilia [edit]

Many prominent French postmodernist thinkers signed a petition in 1977 to completely abolish the historic period of consent, such as: Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and others.^[23] Many of them also defended, in an open letter of the alphabet in 1979, 3 men defendant of statutory rape against children, alleging that:^[24]

"French law recognises in 12- and 13-year-olds a capacity for discernment that information technology can judge and punish, but it rejects such a capacity when the child's emotional and sexual life is concerned. Information technology should acknowledge the right of children and adolescents to have relations with whomever they choose."

Rocky relationship to science [edit]

Whilst extremely pop in literary circles, and also influential in compages, social sciences and cultural studies, postmodernism's dumbo writing style and commitment to relativist morals have led to criticism. Many exterior literature and philosophy circles ^[Who?] reject doctrinaire postmodernism as beingness pretentious and intellectually lazy; many, especially those in scientific fields, have asserted that its theories are a form of denialism which prevent theoretical development.^{[citation needed]}

Its attempts to analyse scientific practise have proved peculiarly controversial (peculiarly in light of the lukewarm-at-best reception in the scientific earth of non-postmodernist scientific discipline philosophers such as Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn).^{[commendation needed]}

At the same time, nonetheless, postmodernism does provide tools for interpreting the human activeness known equally scientific discipline. This is especially useful in examining its history, role in culture, and in some cases intellectual underpinnings.^[25] Possibly troubling to some scientists is that postmodernists hold that much of what they do is a social construct. Furthermore, many postmodernists tend to question the concept of "truth," and some have even claimed that the scientific method itself is a social construct because of its development coming from a item culture and a detail fourth dimension.^{[26] [27]} Moreover, some recent work in the field of science and technology studies (STS) has been pioneered by postmodern authors who possess comprehensive scientific education, such as Donna Haraway (Ph.D. Biology, Yale^[28]) and N. Katherine Hayles (M.S. Chemical science, Caltech^[29]).

Haraway's work has focussed on analysing the style that particular assumptions about the nature of science and guild influence the construction of experimental and theoretical work in the biological sciences, and on suggesting new model assumptions or metaphors which might be used to develop amend understandings of the same. Hayles' work has been in studying the ways in which recent technological media developments such as hypertext and computerised storage and transmission are changing the content and uses of literature, as well as on exploring how certain limited-case metaphors or provisional analogies promoted for item theoretical applications in the early years of information theory, informatics, and cybernetics accept unaccountably grown over time into the implicit acceptance of generalised beliefs or assumptions about the nature of data, intelligence, bodies, and behaviours. This might help science in the long-term rather than damage it.

Nevertheless, too many postmodernists do traffic in obscurantist bullshit "understood" simply among PoMos themselves:^[30]

When Lacan confuses irrational and imaginary numbers when Kristeva misunderstands the axiom of choice, we are non, the argument goes, to recall that the confusions are isolated; nor that there are an awful lot of them. Rather, the merits is that the confusions and parade of ill-understood scientific terminology or superficial erudition are designed to impress, and are part and parcel of an enterprise which is indifferent to the real content of the concepts employed…

To many a topic in physics, logic and mathematics there now corresponds a distinct Parisian illness which is parasitic on the terminology peculiar to the topic. Its main symptom is the trend to regurgitate portions of the relevant jargon in more or less random ways.

Sokal thing [edit]

Encounter the main commodity on this topic: Alan Sokal

" "Anyone who has spent much time wading through the pious, obscurantist, jargon-filled cant that at present passes for 'avant-garde' idea in the humanities knew it was jump to happen sooner or later: some clever academic, armed with the non-so-secret passwords ('hermeneutics,' 'transgressive,' 'Lacanian,' 'hegemony', to proper name simply a few) would write a completely bogus paper, submit it to an au courant periodical, and have it accustomed… Sokal's piece uses all the right terms. It cites all the best people. It whacks sinners (white men, the 'real world'), applauds the virtuous (women, general metaphysical lunacy)… And it is complete, unadulterated bullshit — a fact that somehow escaped the attention of the high-powered editors of Social Text, who must now be experiencing that queasy sensation that affected the Trojans the morning later they pulled that nice big gift horse into their urban center.

—Gary Kamiya[31]

Some postmodernists don't quite understand that there is actually such a thing as a reality that isn't just a cultural artifact and doesn't care what y'all think of information technology. This can lead to some embarrassment.

Of item annotation was the 1996 Sokal Thing, in which New York Academy physicist Alan Sokal submitted and had published a paper called "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Breakthrough Gravity"^{[note 3]} in the literary journal Social Text. The paper was intended past Sokal to be nonsensical and ridiculous. For example, he asserted that gravity was a social construct.^[32] What is unclear nevertheless is how this "refutes postmodernism" as some merits,^{[33] [34]} for all that the Sokal affair demonstrated was that one item journal, one that at the fourth dimension did not fifty-fifty practise peer review,^[35] published one particular hoax newspaper. This is non exactly a definitive case against postmodernism itself.

As a result of the affair, Social Text was awarded the dubious honor of an Ig Nobel Prize in literature for "eagerly publishing enquiry that they could not understand, that the author said was meaningless, and which claimed that reality does non be."^[36]

Enabling pseudoscience [edit]

Some figures influenced by postmodernism, such as Phillip Johnson^[37] and Steve Fuller,^[38] have used its rhetorical tactics to button intelligent design creationism. Rick Santorum was besides establish to be using them to attack his opponents,^[39] which may prove to be the all-time excuse to create a real-life irony meter.

Figures associated with postmodernism sometimes explicitly defended pseudoscience. Unfortunately, their enthusiasm for attacking mainstream notions of accustomed thinking has on occasion spilled over into an ignorant blanket acceptance of all sorts of rebellious "scientific discipline". Feyerabend used his concept of "epistemological anarchism" to give cover to creationism, astrology, and alternative medicine.^[40] While not an indictment of the critical utility of postmodernism, this does illustrate that there is a danger in supporting dissent for dissent's own sake.

In some other example, prominent critic Jacques Lacan has been criticized for attempting to resuscitate Freudian psychoanalysis, much of which is considered pseudoscientific in current psychology.^{[41] [42]} He was unsuccessful, much to anybody's relief (except in his habitation state of France, sadly, where his ideas take had a tragic following, and where it's still hard to criticize his kind of intellectual crookery without being accused of fascism).^{[citation needed]} On the other hand, many postmodernist thinkers turn down Freudianism outright. Peradventure well-nigh notably, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari co-authored Anti-Oedipus, a thorough and systematic criticism of Freud and Lacan's influence on the humanities and political culture. Many other thinkers, such as Slavoj Žižek, employ psychoanalytic ideas in a style that is consciously anything but faithful to their orthodox interpretation.^{[citation needed]}

By and large, postmodernists are also critical of mainstream psychology, which Michel Foucault, Judith Butler and many "queer theorists" take depicted as productive of cultural biases around gender and sexuality in item.^{[citation needed]} This position has since been reinforced by many not-postmodern academics, such as Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, the authors of Sex activity at Dawn.^{[citation needed]} Unfortunately, many young and/or impressionable students misunderstand postmodernism's more legitimate criticisms of the sciences, which often unwittingly lend themselves to dilettantism, harbinger human arguments, and outright fallacious understandings of scientific terminology.^{[citation needed]} Postmodernism's inclination towards elliptical statement and its reluctance to explicitly define its terminology no uncertainty reinforces this trend, which could otherwise exist easily avoided.

Run across also [edit]

• Deconstruction
• Existentialism
• Grievance studies hoax ("Sokal Squared")
• Identity politics
• Phonics - Whole Language debate
• Post-normal science

External links [edit]

• Wikipedia on postmodernism
• Entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Postmodernism and Its Critics, Daniel Salberg et al, University of Alabama
• Guide to Gimmicky Theory, Disquisitional Theory, and Postmodern Idea, Martin Ryder, University of Colorado at Denver
• Noam Chomsky on postmodernism
• Richard Dawkins on postmodernism
• Daniel Dennett on postmodernism
• Humanism and Postmodernism, Humanism Today, vol. viii, 1993
• Metallic Gear Solid two is considered the first-ever postmodern video game, if it means anything.^{[note 4]}

Bibliography [edit]

• Antonio, Robert J. and Douglas Kellner. Postmodern Social Theory: Contributions and Limitations. In Postmodernism and Social Inquiry, edited past David Dickens and Andrea Fontana. New York: Guilford Press, 1994: 127-152.
• Dawkins, Richard. "Postmodernism Disrobed", Nature, 1998. A review of Sokal and Jean Bricmont's Impostures Intellectuelles (published as Intellectual Impostures in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Stylish Nonsense in the US). Presents the argument that postmodernist philosopers not simply obfuscate horribly, but are in mode over their heads whenever dealing with science.
• Editors of Lingua Franca, The Sokal Hoax: The Sham That Shook The Academy. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2000, ISBN 0803279957.
• Hagen, 50. Kirk, "The Death of Philosophy," Skeptic Magazine 11:4 (2005), p. 18. A scathing assail on Derrida's legacy.
• Shackel, Nicholas (2005). "The Vacuity of Postmodernist Methodology", Metaphilosophy vol. 26 (3), p. 295-320. Hilarious takedown of the most frequently used postmodernist obfuscation tactics.

Notes [edit]

1. ↑ A source text from which the others were derived.
2. ↑ Furthermore, the sin of unreadability is not a universal 1 amid postmodernists, and an increasing emphasis has been given to clarity and directness in postmodern studies.
3. ↑ The championship alone should accept been enough to testify that the paper was a hoax.
4. ↑ It's expert, only the story is bulletproof if yous oasis't played any other titles in the serial. (Blame Kojima.)

References [edit]

1. ↑ See the Wikipedia commodity on Late capitalism.
2. ↑ Postmodernism; or, The Cultural Logic of Tardily Commercialism, Fredric Jameson, Verso, 1991
3. ↑ Postmodernism Encyclopædia Britannica.
4. ↑ Both Sides, SMBC Theater
5. ↑ The Po-Mo Folio, Georgetown Academy
6. ↑ Jürgen Habermas. Modernity vs. Postmodernity. New High german Critique, No. 22, Special Issue on Modernism. (Winter, 1981), pp. 3-xiv. (trans. Seyla Ben-Habib)
7. ↑ Foucault a Postmodernist? by Scott Moore (thirteen Jul 1995 11:47:09 -0600) Foucault-50 mail-listing.
8. ↑ Hans Julius Schneider. Wittgenstein and Postmodernism: Specifics. 1997 After Postmodernism Conference, Potsdam.
9. ↑ David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, 1991
10. ↑ Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism: Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, 1991
11. ↑ Marxism and Postmodernism, Fredric Jameson, New Left Review, July-Baronial 1989
12. ↑ A Gentle Introduction to Structuralism, Postmodernism And All That, John Mann, Philosophy At present, 1994
13. ↑ The De Man Example, New Yorker, Mar 24, 2014
14. ↑ Meet the Wikipedia article on Postmodern literature.
15. ↑ Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon by Daniel C. Dennett (2006) Viking. ISBN 067003472X. p. 4045n12.
16. ↑ Run into the American Stinker's "sweeping" viii-part critique "Postmodernism and the Bible" for one instance.
17. ↑ See the American Stinker over again for an instance of Noam Chomsky (a long-fourth dimension critic of postmodernism) getting tarred as a postmodernist.
18. ↑ Latour, Bruno. "Why Has Critique Run out of Steam? From Matters of Fact to Matters of Concern."
19. ↑ Chomsky on Postmodernism
20. ↑ Chomsky on Science and Postmodernism, Interview uploaded April 25, 2011]
21. ↑ Chomsky on Postmodernism June 6, 1997
22. ↑ Volume Review of Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law past Daniel A. Farber & Suzanna Sherry (1997) Oxford University Press past Dale Jamieson (1997) The New York Times.
23. ↑ http://world wide web.dolto.fr/fd-lawmaking-penal-crp.html
24. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/24/jonhenley
25. ↑ From STS program at the Academy of Wisconsin
26. ↑ Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life, 1985 Princeton University Press.
27. ↑ Science as a Social Construct, UT Austin
28. ↑ Donna Haraway, Curriculum Vitae
29. ↑ N. Katherine Hayles, Curriculum Vitae
30. ↑ Volume review: Impostures Intellectuelles past Alan Sokal & Jean Bricmont (1998) Odile Jacob past Kevin Mulligan (1998) naturalSCIENCE (archived from April xv, 2001).
31. ↑ Postmodernism disrobed past Richard Dawkins (1998) Nature 394:141-143.
32. ↑ The original "Sokal affair" paper
33. ↑ The Ane Time Alan Sokal Completely Destroyed Postmodernism (Jun 3, 2017) YouTube.
34. ↑ What an Audacious Hoax Reveals Almost Academia: Three scholars wrote 20 false papers using fashionable jargon to argue for ridiculous conclusions. by Yascha Mounk (Oct 5, 2018) The Atlantic.
35. ↑ Mystery Science Theater (1996) Lingua Franca.
36. ↑ Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize
37. ↑ Pennock on Postmodernism in ID Creationism, The Panda's Thumb
38. ↑ The Painful Elaboration of the Fatuous, Skeptic
39. ↑ Populists who speak the (relative) truth, The Globe and Mail
40. ↑ How Not to Feyerabend, Evolving Thoughts
41. ↑ Raymond Tallis. The Shrink From Hell. The Times Higher Education Supplement, 31 October 1997, p. 20.
42. ↑ The Cult of Lacan, Richard Webster

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